After removal of 705 articles with definitely ineligible titles/abstracts, 445 full text articles were screened using the ranked inclusion/exclusion criteria (S1 Appendix). School health assessments give schools a snapshot in time of programs and policies that address student and staff health. Meta-analysis results indicated a statistically significant effect on the before-after change in caries prevalence [25]. A majority of the studies (80%) were given low or critically low levels of confidence. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. The 2017 Global Accelerated Action for the Health of Adolescents (AA-HA!) Second, the ability of overviews to make valid and accurate conclusions is dependent upon the accuracy, rigor, and inclusiveness of the SRs themselves. For . S3 Appendix. One reviewer (JL) assessed all SRs and a second (KK) duplicated appraisal of 10%, with 94% agreement and only minor disagreements that did not impact grades of confidence. There is potential to analyze this data at both the individual and population level to understand the links between health and education as well as the links between health interventions and outcomes. Health records have played an increasingly important role throughout history as an important le-gal document for the exercise of individuals' rights. However, domestic legislation fails to define health records as a legally important collection of health data and documents. The Advantages of Digitizing School Health Records Digitalization of documents is becoming more popular. There is no definitive guidance on how to correct for overlap, as both including or excluding overlapping SRs presents potentially biased results [13,15]. Children as young as eight are among dozens injured by a missile barrage fired at Pavlohrad; Russia has built some of the 'most extensive defences in the world' as its leaders fear a major . Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. However, they did not assess risk of bias or appraise the quality of included studies [31]. How often do assessment questions get updated?All three school health assessments are reviewed regularly by each organization and by national expert panels. The National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH 2016-2017) estimated that over 22 million U.S. school-aged children are living with one or two or more health conditions, 11 million have special health care needs, and 7.5 million are not receiving needed care coordination (Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative, 2016-2017).With school-aged children spending an average of 180 . e0212603. Interventions with evidence for effectiveness addressed autism, depression, anxiety, obesity, dental caries, visual acuity, asthma, and sleep. Review quality was assessed using a modified Ballard and Montgomery four-item checklist. For useful recommendations to be made regarding school health services, cost-effectiveness must be more closely examined by primary studies and SRs. Evaluations are also conducted to refine and improve the tools. (2019). The authors found improvements in classroom behavior, symptoms of ODD, and symptoms of SAD [33]. Eleven of the SRs used meta-analysis to combine results [1828], whereas the remaining nine SRs narratively synthesized results [2937]. Geryk and colleagues found that education on correct use of an inhaler improved inhaler technique, regardless of deliverer, method, or duration of the intervention [31]. Primary studies included within the SRs were published between 1967 and 2017. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. All SRs primarily examined studies on school-based, rather than school-linked interventions. An index publication is the first appearance of a primary study within an overview. The need for quality health care for519-year-olds is great, but globally the quality ofhealth services for them are variable and coverageis limited. Silver Spring, MD: Author. . This overview measured overlap using the corrected covered area (CCA) [16] and did not exclude overlapping studies. Valentina Baltag, While other pillars of Health Promoting Schools have relevant guidance documents, guidance on school health services is limited and not explicitly evidence-based. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. With no state or program requirement, how does a school decide which school health assessment to complete?It will depend on your needs. Any existing overviews or SRs of SRs that emerged from the searches were not themselves included, but the SRs within them were extracted and screened. When used properly, EHRs have the potential to "maximize quality, decrease cost, and prevent errors, as well as promote the interoperability of school health records with providers in other care settings." School nurses might use an EHR for: Tracking student health trends Ensuring health documentation is secure and compliant To convey to the teacher the results of the examination in such terms as to be useful to her in guiding the physical and mental growth of her . The final three SRs either did not state the locations of included studies [27,34] or provided regions rather than specific country locations [26]. However, there was no risk of bias assessment in this SR and therefore the results must be interpreted cautiously. implementation guidance calls for the prioritization of school health programs as an important step towards universal health coverage and urges that Every school should be a health promoting school [10]. Although overviews offer a comprehensive method for synthesizing evidence, they also come with important methodological limitations. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. The details of the quality appraisal of primary studies included in the SRs are given in Table B in S4 Appendix. Chung and colleagues systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed universal sleep education programs as compared to no additional sleep intervention from Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, and Hong Kong (Table 3G) [20]. The remaining Cochrane review was given a critically low level of confidence, though this may be because it was published in 2006 and standards for both the methods and reporting of Cochrane reviews have improved in recent years. Leading causes of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 1019 year olds were iron deficiency anemia, road injury, depressive disorders, lower respiratory infections, and diarrheal diseases [47]. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. These items include: (1) overlap (see below), (2) rating of confidence from the AMSTAR 2 checklist [14], (3) date of publication, and (4) match between the scope of the included SRs and the overview itself. Retain all of your child's school accounts can help you see trends and patterns over time. 570 were duplicates, leaving 1150 titles and abstracts to be screened. The gaps in the SR literature identified by this overview will inform the commissioning of new SRs by WHO to feed into evidence-based global recommendations. CDC twenty four seven. Hennegan and Montgomery assessed the effectiveness of hardware and software menstrual management interventions (Table 3B) [22]. Meta-analysis found small but statistically significant effect sizes in favor of music therapy for gestural communication, verbal communication, and behavioral problems [23]. The corrected covered area (CCA) was found to be 1, indicating only slight overlap between the 20 SRs. Qualified professionals such as school nurses, nurse practitioners, dentists, health educators, physicians, physician assistants, and allied health personnel provide these services. About eight-in-ten U.S. murders in 2021 - 20,958 out of 26,031, or 81% - involved a firearm. As part of the records types, the academic records are known as an important asset for . This SR did not discuss the quality or risk of bias of included studies [35]. Table D. Classification of primary studies within included systematic reviews for use in corrected covered area calculation. A meta-analysis of two studies on sanitary pad provision found a moderate but statistically non-significant effect on school attendance. CCAs can be interpreted as indicating slight, moderate, high or very high overlap with scores of 05, 610, 1115, or >15, respectively [16]. SRs on oral health interventions focused on prevention [25,30], screening [18], and education [27,30] (Table 3E). In addition, school-age childrenand adolescents have positive physical, sexual,psychosocial and neurocognitive health anddevelopment needs as they progress from childhoodto adulthood. Vaccinations have been identified as the most common type of intervention in schools in at least 35 countries or territories [9], and there is evidence of effectiveness from primary studies regarding feasibility of school-based vaccination programs [48,49]. Only one of the 20 SRs included in this overview examined studies from a majority of LMIC and LIC [22,38]. Yet no SRs on vaccinations fulfilled the inclusion criteria for this overview, suggesting the need for these SRs to be conducted, focusing on whether vaccinations for this age group should be delivered as part of a school health service or not, rather than on whether the vaccination per se is effective. In allWHO regions, school-age children and adolescents(those aged 519 years) experience a range oflargely preventable health problems, includingunintentional injury, interpersonal violence, sexualand reproductive health issues, communicablediseases, noncommunicable diseases and mentalhealth issues. implementation guidance calls for the prioritization of school health programs as an important step towards universal health coverage and urges that "Every school should be a health promoting school" [ 10 ]. However, the degree of overlap across all 20 SRs was graded as being small (CCA = 1), while there was high overlap in SRs on mood disorders (CCA = 11). The SRs were written in English and published between 2006 and 2018. Silver Spring, MD: Author. unclear if a health provider was involved), followed by if less than 50% of studies within a SR fulfilled all inclusion criteria. The information can then be used for policy development, planning, and school improvement efforts. The records that school nurses keep in their daily care of over 95% of U.S. school-aged children provide an important window into child health in our nation. The same two reviewers screened the full text of all the potentially or probably eligible articles using a ranked list of the inclusion criteria (S1 Appendix). not in schools), an active control, or a waitlist control; (d) interventions aimed to improve one or more health outcomes, as defined by the SR authors; and (e) study designs were either randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-experimental studies (QEs), or other non-randomized intervention studies. These criteria likely exclude potentially relevant literature. Eleven SRs included studies located in countries with high-income or upper-middle income economies only [19,20,2325,2933,37,38,39]. II. Table A. Through a comprehensive literature search, the overview aimed to identify health areas and specific school health service interventions that have at least some evidence of effectiveness. Make the most of doctor visits. The AMSTAR 2 checklist [17] was used to appraise quality of included SRs. Given that FRIENDS has been endorsed by WHO [44] and was found to be effective in decreasing anxiety symptoms in all four SRs where it was mentioned in this overview [28,32,34,39], policy makers and school health officials may consider incorporating this or similar programs into existing school health services. PLoS ONE 14(6): Five of the included studies examined the same weekly sleep education program from the Australian Centre for Education in Sleep. Among those approaches, pairing children with health services occupies an important place. It is important to take this into account when interpreting results. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. A detailed search strategy was iteratively developed in consultation with a librarian experienced in SRs and an expert in school health services. Information from school health records will show proof of student health issues that ought to be self-addressed. There was 92% agreement between reviewers for all items within the standard form, with discrepancies only in level of detail. Outcome measures were collected from included studies. Kid Kohl, Two reviewers (KK and JL) screened all titles and abstracts using the inclusion/exclusion criteria and excluded all articles that were definitely ineligible. Using electronic health records (EHRs) to link school nurses and health care systems is usually limited in scope despite EHRs advancement in these health care systems. Outcomes across studies differed, but the authors noted trends toward improvement in menstruation knowledge, management practices, psychosocial outcomes, and school attendance. In 2015, the global means for the primary and secondary net school enrollment rates were 90% and 65%, respectively, thus the potential reach of school health services is wide [8]. Two SRs found evidence for the potential effectiveness of educational interventions for children and adolescents with asthma diagnoses (Table 3A) [31,37]. In order for policy makers and leaders in school health to make evidence-based recommendations on which services should be available in schools, who should deliver them, and how should they be delivered, more SRs must be done. The school sends you reports that tell you how your child is doing in school and what the school is doing for him. NASN2023 Early Rate Countdown Clock - Deadline Extended to May 15th! It develops personal character, skills, attitude, and physique. The remaining three SRs also assessed FRIENDS and PRP along with additional often-overlapping programs. Fig 1 displays the PRISMA flowchart for the search. In another four SRs, 75% to 99% of included studies fulfilled all the inclusion criteria [21,26,30,37]. Schools are the only institution regularly reaching the majority of school-age children and adolescents across the globe. Health Record to Teacher: Purpose: 1. You can review and change the way we collect information below. Schools offer a unique platform for health care delivery. This overview makes an important first step toward that guideline. Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometrics and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitt (LMU) Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany, Affiliation: Searches were performed on June 15, 2018. School records include books, documents, diskettes and files that contain information on what goes on in school as well as other relevant information pertaining to the growth and development of the school. The following is a list of common questions and answers related to school health assessment tools, specifically: Why complete a school health assessment?A school health assessment helps to identify strengths and weaknesses of school health policies and programs and provide direction for school health improvement efforts. Following the recommendation of the AMSTAR 2 developers [17], individual ratings were not combined into an overall score. A PHR also empowers you to manage your health between visits. It is unclear if this finding indicates a lack of primary studies on comprehensive or multi-component school health services, or if primary studies do exist but no SR has been conducted. It is difficult to determine overall effectiveness of school health services from this overview because the included SRs do not sufficiently cover the health areas most relevant for children and adolescents. All three tools are useful for internal planning and program improvement. PRISMA flowchart showing reasons for exclusion of potential systematic reviews. Schroeder and colleagues reviewed the effectiveness of obesity treatment and prevention interventions that specifically involved a school nurse (Table 3D) [26]. This was never required as consensus was always reached. This overview shows that the current SR literature does address mental health, specifically mood disorders. To be included in this overview, at least 50% of studies within each SR had to fulfill all inclusion criteria. There were no date restrictions on publication of included SRs. Records are being kept on students who are well (screening, immunization, and episodic health room care); and students with chronic health conditions (emergency care planning; daily treatment and response data for students with conditions such as asthma; severe allergies; seizure disorders; and Type I Diabetes). Additionally, reference lists of included articles were scanned for any relevant SRs. Although all SRs were included if at least 50% of the primary studies within them fulfilled all inclusion criteria, SRs where closer to 100% of primary studies fulfilled all criteria were considered to be better matched than those with closer to 50%. 80% (n = 16) of SRs included in this overview were given ratings of low or critically low confidence using the AMSTAR 2 checklist, although this is not unusual given the stringency of the checklist. This may be solved by coordinating school visits from hospital-based health professionals or by linking schools with local health centers for children and adolescents to access as needed. Confidence in results ranged from high (three or fewer non-critical weaknesses) to critically low (more than three critical flaws with or without non-critical weaknesses) [17]. This initiative is dedicated to promoting development of school health programs and increasing the number of health-promoting schools, characterized by WHO as a school constantly strengthening its capacity as a healthy setting for living, learning and working [1]. A strength of this overview is that it attempted to answer a question that has not yet been answered regarding the effectiveness of both comprehensive and specific school health services delivered by a health provider. State and local stakeholders are encouraged to use other data, such as youth behavior surveys and public health surveillance, to identify which health risks have the greatest impact on students. The four SRs that included PRP found mixed evidence [34] or no evidence of effectiveness [19,24,28,39], bringing the popularity of this intervention into question. Although prevalence of visual impairment varies widely by ethnic group and age [41], WHO estimates that at least 19 million children below age 15 are visually impaired [42]. Data items included the research design of the SR and primary studies, sample description and setting, intervention characteristics, outcomes, meta-analysis results, quality appraisal, and conclusions. Finally, for 1519 year olds, the leading causes of death were road injury, self-harm, interpersonal violence, diarrheal diseases, and lower respiratory infections [47]. Calculations for the CCA can be found in Tables C and D in S5 Appendix. No review evaluated the effectiveness of a multi-component school health services intervention addressing multiple health areas. Additionally, resources differ by income level and therefore effective interventions in HIC may need to be tailored or changed entirely in order to be feasible in LMIC and LIC. A school official must make a reasonable effort to notify the parent before complying with the subpoena unless the subpoena is issued to enforce a law and specifies not to notify the parent. A SR and meta-analysis by Bastounis and colleagues on the educational and preventative Penn Resiliency Program (PRP) and its derivatives found small, non-significant effect sizes for the prevalence of both depression and anxiety, favoring the intervention in the former and the control in the latter [19]. 1720 references were identified from the systematic literature search. Among 1014 year olds, the leading causes of death were lower respiratory infections, drowning, road injury, diarrheal diseases, and meningitis [47]. Small but statistically significant effect sizes were found in favor of the intervention for mean plaque levels and oral hygiene, but no statistical significance was found for change in gingivitis indices [27]. It provides useful information on the progress and development made within the school. While this overview found significant gaps in the evidence for certain health areas, this does not necessarily mean that relevant high quality primary trials have not been conducted. More than half of all suicides in 2021 - 26,328 out of 48,183, or 55% - also involved a gun, the highest percentage since 2001. Mostcountries have some form of SHS, but many suchprogrammes currently are not evidence-based,are not implemented well, are underfunded and/orare delivered with limited reach and scope. A protocol was developed a priori that outlined the overview objectives, aims, operational definitions, search strategy, inclusion/exclusion criteria, and quality appraisal methods. Here are the product of records till keepand why they're important. In contrast with Gold and colleagues [23], this SR by Sullivan and Simonson found negative effects from music therapy interventions [36]. We are also grateful for advice from the WHO school health services guideline Steering Group and Guideline Development Group members. This overview considered SRs published in 2016, 2017, or 2018 to be up-to-date. Additionally, at least 94 countries or territories include some form of school health services that are routinely delivered, as opposed to special research interventions [9]. Independent Oversight and Advisory Committee, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex A. Compendium, WHO guideline on Children's health records can help child care providers identify preven-tive health needs such as immunizations or dental care, prepare a special care plan for children with chronic health conditions . Evans and colleagues reviewed seven RCTs from China, India, and Tanzania on vision screening for correctable visual acuity deficits at or before school entry (Table 3H) [21]. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. WHO has long recognized the link between healthand education and the potential for schools to playa central role in safeguarding student health andwell-being.
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