Forty-Niners Another knock against the Europeans in this period (1450-1750), is to look at when the Land Based Empires finally fell. The empire was known for its strong military, which allowed it to conquer and expand its territory by conquering a number of neighboring states. This is also known as the. The Ottoman Empire is known for its cultural achievements and its role as a major world power. Following the Meiji Restoration, which ended feudal rule in Japan, the Tokugawa shogunate was deposed in 1868. In the 18th century, the Spanish Empire began to decline. Explain how land-based empires utilized religious art and ideas to maintain power: Land-based empires utilized religious art and ideas to maintain power because rulers were able to either have religious tolerance or have a specific religion that they believe. What is the mit'a system and how was it exploited by the Spanish empire? The name of the paintin \end{array} & 2997.11 & 3 & 999.04 & 15.54 & 1.2 \mathrm{E}-06 & 2.866 \\ Trade between Europe and Asia had to go through the Mediterranean, which was controlled by Italian city-states. Anything extra that they collected they were able to keep. The Spanish conquered the Aztec Empire in the early 16th century, bringing an end to the Aztec Empire. 1. Then, underline the verb in parentheses that agrees in number with the word to which the relative pronoun refers. I believe I ________close the windows in case of rain. Safavids were Shia Islam, and the Mughals were Sunni, West Africa, Morocco invaded Songhai and eventually brought it down, Examples: Muslim & Hindus in the Mughal Empires, Muslims & Christians in the Ottoman Empire. The caraval, carrack and fluyt were all new technologies that helped countries increase their access to sea trade and travel. \text { Within } \\ Maritime trade would prove to be far more economically efficient. to collect taxes? The term land-based empire--as it explicitly applies to AP World History--refers to empires which existed during the period 1450-1750. King on a raised platform surrounded by 700 Eunuchs; only approached lying down on the ground. Spanish. Contextualizing the Unit (1450 to 1750) Before 1450, regional trade was all the rage as the Silk Roads, Indian Ocean network, and Trans-Saharan routes exploded with more merchants and goods flowing. Through a 8 year conquest moving east ward and stopping at Russia. The Spanish empire then used it as labor. \hline \begin{array}{l} The Columbian Exchange was started by Christopher Columbus and it traded luxury goods around the globe. The Songhai Empire declined in the late 16th century as a result of internal conflicts and Moroccan invasions. how rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power in land-based empires from 1450-1750. by Lauren edone RELIGION TAX & TRIBUTE BEUREACRATIC ELITES BUREACTRATIC ELITES Janissaries Rulers employed bureaucratic elites to enforce laws and military pros to How did the Ottoman Empire (c. 1300-1922), in Middle East & Southern Europe centralize their bureaucracies? With over 1500 different dialects, most slaves did not share a common language, which meant that native tongues were lost over time. The Mughal Empire was a Muslim dynasty that ruled India from the early 16th to the mid-19th century. Without the slave trade, African kingdoms would have continued to strengthen and could have prevented centuries of turmoil in the region. Why? However in 1675, Metacom mounted one last effort to drive the British off the Native land. The Aztec Empire, also known as the Mexica Empire, was a Mesoamerican empire that ruled over a large territory that included parts of modern-day Mexico and Central America from the 14th to the 16th century. Unit 3 study guides written by former AP World students to review Land-Based Empires, 1450-1750 with detailed explanations and practice questions. From 1368 to 1644, China was ruled by the Ming dynasty. The middle class included the military, scholars, and other bureaucratic groups. In North America, the Spanish had control of the southwest regions, central America, and Florida. Although some existed before and after, most are confined to this time period. A beautiful tomb built by the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan to honor his wife. What were the impacts the trans-Atlantic slave trade on West Africa? keep the balance of free and slave states They brutalized the native population and believed in profit over faith. Syncretisms happen everywhere, but in the Americas there are quite a few examples. Finally, Europeans built massive military strength because of trade profits and access to new weapons. They supported exploration by agricultural, manufactured, and animal products as well as supported slave trade. The expansion of trade on a global scale expanded both the upper elite class and the lower labor class. How did new technology lead to changes in trade & travel? What were the characteristics of European secularism? A tribute of young boys that the Ottomans levied on Christian communities. The only one of the singers who (knows, know) this part is absent. What were the characteristics of the Mughal Empire? People will always find a way to challenge state power, especially when survival is at stake. They also expanded trade which enriched the rulers. Slaves were captured, transported to holding pens (Points of No Return), and then crammed on ships for the. The monarchy was restored in France and the territory of the empire was gradually reduced through a series of treaties. \text { Source of } \\ It was founded by Ismail I, who declared the Safavid dynasty to be the region's legitimate rulers. The Ming dynasty was well-known for its strong government, cultural achievements, and economic growth. Describe technological diffusions that occurred in the 1450-1750 time period. The era between 1450 and 1750 saw the appearance of several land-based empires who built their power on the use of gunpowder: the Ottomans and the Safavids in Southwest Asia , the Mughals in India , the Ming and Qing in China , and the new Russian Empire. \end{array} & \text { Ss } & \text { df } & \text { MS } & \text { F } & \text { p-value } & \text { Fcrit } \\ Finally, a new elite class emerged called the. The Indian Ocean consisted of people making a living working there, manufactured goods, and it was more industrialized. It had a centralized, autocratic government and a diverse population that included Muslims, Christians, and Jews. It was a time of relative peace and stability, marked by the centralization of power under the Tokugawa Shogunate, a hereditary military dictatorship that ruled Japan during this time. Networks of exchange majorly increased as trade became more and more important and caused empires to grow in wealth. The demand for exploration led to new technological innovations. North of the Spanish territory, the French and British were fueling their rivalry as they competed for land and control of resources. Jamaica had a growing slave population throughout this time period. in underground passages and rooms called catacombs The Inca Empire is particularly known for its system of quipus, which were knotted cords that were used for record-keeping and communication. What changes in networks of exchange existed in relation to the 1200 to 1450 time period? During the French Empire, the arts, including literature, music, and architecture, flourished. Qing portraits of emperors and high officials meant to impress. Some people have argued "to the victors belong the spoils [riches] of the enemy." , g was "American Progress." The Portuguese Empire declined in the nineteenth century. One way rulers legitimized and consolidated their power was through the use of tributes and taxes. Who were typically indentured servants in this time period and how would that change in the 1750-1900 time period? Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire. A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs. Use of brilliant military generals helped rulers maintain further their domain. Describe European maritime empires: Dutch. Ethnic divisions: The majority Han ethnicity faced the most intolerance from the Qing. In order to prevent white and black oppressed groups from conspiring, the Virginia government wielded racist policies to drive a wedge. Advanced technologies, the finding of the New World, and knowledge of monsoon winds and currents. As serfs, they were completely tied to the land and sold when the land sold. Disease wiped out most of the population and many that were left were able to escape because of superior knowledge of the land. Monumental architecture (giant structures) meant to impress. in synagogues near the walls of Rome, This group of people originally settled Oregon and helped to establish many of the trails west. Describe the Qing Dynasty (use SPICE-T characteristics): The Quing Dynasty was located in Central Eurasia and used bureaucratic techniques to rule. So states began to practice mercantilist policies, which limited imports and maximized exports. Social classes in the Americas were based on race, which is a pivotal difference from the rest of the world. Emperor who reigned from 1736-1795. The Romanov dynasty ruled the Russian Empire, which was distinguished by a strong government and a rigid hierarchy. This allowed empires to expand and use the military to take over other empires and conquer land. \text { Variation } How did the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912), in China centralize their bureaucracies? At its greatest extent, the empire extended to three continents -- stretching from the Balkans in southeastern Europe across Anatolia, Central Asia, Arabia, and North Africa, thanks in large part to the Ottoman military and its use of gunpowder. It was founded by Osman I, who established the Ottoman Dynasty and expanded the territory of the empire over the centuries. in the hills surrounding Rome in specially designed bui It was founded and ruled by a Muslim dynasty of Chaghatai Turco-Mongol origin, which claimed direct descent from both Timur, the Turco-Mongol conqueror, and Genghis Khan, via his son Chaghatai Khan. Silver and gold, columbian exchange, plantation farming. The Safavid Empire was an eastern Islamic state that existed from the early 16th to the mid-18th centuries. The Russian Empire is known for its cultural achievements and its role as a major world power. Mongol leader who conquered Persia and Mesopotamia, started the Ghazi model for warriors. This was an extreme case of class mobility, but is an example of what was possible. Because of this, economic development in Africa was stalled for centuries and these regions were left vulnerable to the imperial conquest of Europeans. During this time, Europeans stuck to themselves in trading posts and did not assert authority over land, but did overseas known as, Difference Between Land-Based and Maritime Empires, Divine Right of Kings (French Empire), Mandate of Heaven (China), Songhai Islam (Songhai), Devshirme System (Ottoman Empire), Samurai Warriors (Japan), Qing Dynasty (Restrictive Policy on Han Chinese), Spanish Empire (The Casta System), The Ottoman Empire (The Millet System), The Mughal Empire (Zamindar/Rajput System), The Portugese in Africa/India, The Dutch in Southeast Asia, The French in North America, The British in North America, The Spanish in North and South America. Were very wealthy, powerful and diverse. They built roads and bridges and created a tribute system to gain power. Explanation:Click to let others know, how helpful is it. How did this affect ideas of government? In the Americas, Indigenous groups rebelled against European conquest. Empires took people for slaves and traded their goods for wealth. The most immediate effect on indigenous communities was the massive depopulation caused by disease. If a ruler were to have religious tolerance then he can have other rules and restrictions for citizens to follow since they don't need to believe a certain one. This made the journey more expensive and more dangerous. Explain how the land-based empires of the 1450-1750 time period developed (what allowed them to obtain and maintain power): Historical Developments Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and . How did the Ottoman Empire expand their empire? If they could fast a quicker route to Asia, profits would balloon and religious ideologies would spread. During the Russian Empire, the arts, including literature, music, and architecture, flourished. The Spanish Empire was distinguished by a powerful centralized government and a vast network of trade and colonization. Ottoman society was complex. This kept more money in the bank at any given time. It came to an end in the early 20th century, following the First World War, when the empire was dissolved and its territory was divided into several new states. From the 15th to the early 20th centuries, the Portuguese Empire ruled over a significant portion of the world. It was also a multicultural state, with Han Chinese, Manchus, Mongols, and other ethnic groups living there. \hline \text { Column 2 } & {10} & {348} \\ It caused labor shortages and spread Christianity as well as colonization. Trade thrived and art led to success. The Safavids were Twelver Shia Muslims who made Shia Islam the official religion of the empire. How did the Asante benefit from participation in trading networks in this time period? 3. This music would later influence many genres including gospel, blues, jazz, rock n roll, hip hop, reggae, and samba. It is a Spanish estate, sometimes could be a plantation, mines, or factories. The one thing you need to know about this unit: Lots of territory + diverse populations + external challenges = many different ruling styles, techniques and methods. In each of the given sentences, underline the relative pronoun and circle the word to which it refers. An internal challenge to power comes from people within the state such as citizens, enslaved people, or colonies. \hline \text { Column 1 } & {10} &{349} \\ The Mughal Empire ruled over much of the Indian subcontinent at its peak, including modern-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and parts of Afghanistan. The Aztecs demanded specific goods from conquered people, called Tribute. It was founded by the Songhai people, a group of people who lived in what is now Niger and Mali. At this time, wealth was measured by how much gold or silver a country had on hand. \text { Groups } In Asia, the trend was toward large, land-based empires which were controlled from a central capital city. How did leaders legitimize their rule through art 1450-1700? They had a large bureaucracy and had religious freedom but women had no rights. What were the characteristics of the Safavid Empire? Unit 4: Sea-Based Empires Compariso n 1450-1750 Use Pages 199-205 . Describe cultural syncretism that occurred as a result of the Atlantic trading system. In the Spanish and Portuguese colonies, things were different. In the period 1450-1750, both European and Asian powers expanded their reach and created large empires across the world. Positive - new technologies and food It reduced threats as other empires saw the money they had. Spanish and Portuguese influence spread across politics, economics, and society in the Americas. Was there a faster route going west? What were the challenges to state power and expansion? \hline \begin{array}{l} Bureaucracy/Military (ex: Ottoman devshirme, salaried samurai) (predicate adjective). Ottoman Empire Between the 14th and early 20th centuries, the Ottoman Empire ruled over much of southeastern Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa. Consolidated power through their military, alliances, and having control over trade routes. A, For those empires that expanded overseas, there were two major types that corresponded more to the situation of the colonized regions. The Ottoman Empire was at its most powerful in the 16th and 17th centuries, when it ruled over much of southeastern Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa. China was also set on isolating itself from foreign affairs. Europeans were primarily motivated by money, religion, rivalry, and conquest. During the Safavid Empire, the arts, including literature, architecture, and painting, flourished. They were able to maintain their power as well as gain power by conquering lands. Explorers also tried to proselytize others. Rulers also continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule. Women were treated fairly, there was religious tolerance, and education was highly valued. Many cotton and sugar plantations enslaved Africans. The Soviet Union, which was established on the territory of the former Russian Empire, became a major world power and played a significant role in global politics for much of the 20th century. Describe the impact of the Columbian Exchange on the Eastern Hemisphere (Old World). Fromthe16thtotheearly20thcenturies,theFrenchEmpirewas centered in France and ruled over the majority of the world. Use Fisher's LSD method to determine which means differ at the 5% level of significance. Women in the Ottoman Empire also experienced some expanded freedoms. It was founded by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established himself as Emperor of the French and expanded the territory of the empire through military conquests. However, the legacy of the French Empire lives on in the many countries that were influenced by French culture and institutions during this time. Technological improvements in shipbuilding and gunpowder weapons allowed European empires to form and exercise a more . What were the characteristics of the Songhay Empire? The Qing Dynasty is known for its territorial expansion, including the conquest of Taiwan and parts of Central Asia. The Mughal emperors, particularly Akbar, Shah Jahan, and Jahangir, were patrons of the arts and encouraged the development of a distinct Mughal style of art and architecture. . The Russian nobility, known as. They gave lower class white workers. How did the Qing Dynasty expand their empire? The Americas are mostly defined by ethnic division during the period of 1450-1750. separated people into groups of religions etc. To maintain control, the Tokugawa shogunate established a strong, centralized government and implemented a number of measures. The Inca Empire is known for its cultural achievements and its sophisticated system of government and administration. Mughals, 1857. Many tribes participated, although some sided with the English. a. In the Americas, they did not have gunpowder but a large military still led to intimidation and the consolidation of power. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the Songhai Empire ruled over a large portion of West Africa. The Russian Empire is particularly known for its contributions to the fields of science and technology, as many notable scientists and inventors, including Mikhail Lomonosov and Dmitry Mendeleev, worked and studied in Russia during this time. The Qing Empire was distinguished by a centralized government, a social hierarchy, and a bureaucratic rule system. Describe European maritime empires: Portuguese. During the Songhai Empire, the arts, including literature, music, and architecture, flourished. The languages of Spanish and Portuguese became the dominant languages of the region. England was a majority Protestant country, but had a Catholic minority. \end{array} & 2314.71 & 36 & 64.30 & & & \\ Land-Based Empires 1450-1750 CE Term 1 / 15 Europe Causes/Ways of Expansion Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 15 Monarchies gain pawer due to the end of the medieval period along with more literacy among the population, increasing development economically and centralization Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by Joint-stock companies allowed financed exploration which led to finding and conquering lands which expanded their power. How was the Protestant conflict similar to and different from the Ottoman/Safavid split? This was the dominant religion in the Indian subcontinent and was the belief system of several land-based empires in India, including the Maurya Empire (321-185 BC) and the Mughal Empire . From 1603 to 1868, Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate. What is a caravel and why was it significant in the 1450 to 1750 time period? Developed in South Asia due to interactions between Hinduism and Islam. A Protestant denomination of the Christian faith founded by Henry VIII in England when he wasn't allowed by the Pope to divorce. The Mughals in India were open to trade with Europeans and the, The Spanish and Portuguese divided up the lands of the Americas before they even explored or conquered any of it. grandson of Babur who created a strong central government, officials selected in England to keep order, document that gave England a government based on a system of laws and a freely elected parliament, A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc. How did religion lead to conflict in the Middle East 1450-1700? The Aztec Empire was known for its sophisticated government system, which included an organized bureaucracy and a strong centralized administration. The Spanish had the purpose of exploiting gold and providing it as a population outlet. Europeans, after the scientific revolution, were often more advanced with technology and weapons, leading to their dominance in the colony. wealth sent from one country or ruler to another as a sign that the other is superior, religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society, English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval).
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